.png){kind=logo}
The Role of Employers in Addressing Quality Variation in Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance | NEJM Catalyst
Authors: Dawn Alley, PhD, Matthew Resnick, MD, MPH, Katherine Bobroske, PhD, and Dan Mendelson, MPP
Summary
Employers fund more than $1 trillion of the U.S. health care ecosystem, and nearly half of Americans receive health insurance through an employer. Despite the high per capita costs of employer-sponsored insurance, it is plagued by widespread quality variation. Employers have a timely opportunity to catalyze health care improvements, not just for their own members, but systemwide. New data assets are increasingly available to understand — in robust and clinically relevant ways — the quality of care that clinicians provide. These data allow people to identify high-quality providers, clinicians to receive meaningful and actionable feedback, and employers and health plans to curate higher-quality networks and referrals. Employer-sponsored health care should be an investment into the overall well-being of employees and their families; as purchasers, employers are in a unique position to set a new quality standard for the U.S. health care system.
The transparent use of robust data on patient needs and provider performance opens opportunities for employers to take a leading role in improving the quality of health care delivered in the United States.
Employer-sponsored insurance is the most common source of coverage for Americans, insuring approximately 180 million people and accounting for more than $1 trillion dollars in health care spending annually.1,2 The high costs paid by employers and employees alike are well documented: The average annual premium for family coverage in 2022 rose to $22,463, with the worker contributing $6,106 per year for that coverage. This represented an increase of 20% over the previous 5 years and 43% over the previous 10 years.3 What is less clear is the value that American employers and their employees and their families receive from the U.S. health care system. As purchasers that fund much of the health care ecosystem, employers have a meaningful opportunity to catalyze system change. Here, we describe instances of low-quality care in employer-sponsored insurance, outline opportunities for employers to drive quality improvements, and highlight examples from innovative employers and employer groups.
Employer-Sponsored Clinical Data Show Quality Gaps
Given their substantial investments into health coverage, it is reasonable for employers to assume that individuals covered through sponsored health plans are receiving consistent, high-quality care. In 2022, Morgan Health (a business unit of JPMorgan Chase established to improve quality, affordability, and equity for its own health plan members and more broadly in employer-sponsored insurance) commissioned the University of Chicago’s NORC research group to conduct a comprehensive analysis of health care outcomes and disparities specifically within the population with employer-sponsored insurance in the United States.4 The analysis identified clear opportunities within employer-sponsored insurance to improve access to care, implement effective chronic condition management, and address health disparities.
For example, delayed diabetes diagnosis can result in numerous health complications including coronary artery disease, neuropathy, and stroke.5 The Morgan Health–NORC analysis found that 10.2% of adults with employer-sponsored insurance are diabetic — of whom 1 in 5 are undiagnosed, meaning that their HbA1c is greater than or equal to 6.5%, even though they have not been informed by a doctor that they have the condition and are not taking medication. After adjusting for age and sex, the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in U.S. adults with employer-sponsored insurance varies significantly by race: The prevalence is 3.3 percentage points higher in Black members, 3.4 percentage points higher in Asian members, and 3.3 percentage points higher in Hispanic members compared to white members.4
Likewise, providing regular mammograms to women at risk for breast cancer is a well-established, noninvasive method to reduce the risk of death from breast cancer.6 Even though the cost of regular mammograms are covered by most employer-sponsored insurance plans, the overall rate of women over 40 who report having received mammography in the past 2 years is 74.4%.4 This varies significantly by family income level: after adjusting for age and sex, women with household incomes <$50,000 are 10.7 percentage points less likely to have regular preventive breast cancer screenings compared to women with household incomes >$150,000.4 Along with similar examples, these findings indicate that there are significant care gaps, even among a privately insured population.
"As purchasers that fund much of the health care ecosystem, employers have a meaningful opportunity to catalyze system change."
Variation in Provider Quality Affects Health Outcomes
Variation in provider quality is one important source of poor health outcomes, missed opportunities for life-saving treatment, and unnecessary utilization.7 Historically, physician-level variation — which manifests across the spectrum of clinical practice including diagnoses, clinical processes, and treatment plans — has been difficult to measure, in part because data to measure quality has been siloed by payer. Without multi-payer quality data, it is challenging to address physician quality in employer-sponsored insurance and identify high-quality providers.
However, new data assets and approaches are increasingly available to evaluate provider quality in robust, clinically relevant ways. For example, Embold Health — a Nashville, Tennessee–based, privately held analytics company — brings together medical and pharmaceutical claims data across more than 150 million lives (including approximately 110 million commercially insured members) with scientifically rigorous analytics to assess physicians on evidence-based guidelines. Transparent provider-level measurements create new opportunities for employers to improve the health care their members receive.
These data show that across the system, different physicians exhibit varied patterns of clinical decisions even among similar groups of patients, with major implications for patient care.7 For example, for nearly a decade, clinical practice guidelines recommended statin therapy for patients with coronary artery disease because adherence to statin medications is associated with lower risk of heart attack, stroke, and death,8,9 Nonetheless, there remains marked variation across physicians in the proportion of their patients with coronary disease who adhered to guideline-recommended statin therapy.
Figure 1 leverages Embold Health data analysis to demonstrate the extent of physician-level variation after controlling for differences in patient characteristics. The analysis assesses provider performance on clinical evidence-based measures using commercial-predominant claims data, in particular, adherence to statin therapy among members with stable coronary artery disease. While Medicaid and Medicare data were also included to improve the size of the sample and reliability of the measures, no meaningful differences were detected when the sample was reduced only to commercial patients. In a sample of 809 cardiologists in Ohio, among the top 10% of providers, an average of 73% of their patients are taking these life-saving medications regularly. However, among the bottom 10% of providers, about half as many patients receive the benefits of statin adherence (39%).
Similarly, expert clinical organizations established the risks of inappropriate cesarean delivery (C-section). According to the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “for most pregnancies, which are low-risk, cesarean delivery appears to pose greater risk of maternal morbidity and mortality than vaginal delivery.”10 Despite this, Figure 2 demonstrates that among 3,121 obstetricians in Texas, after controlling for patient-level characteristics, instance of a woman with uncomplicated pregnancy undergoing a C-section ranges from 14% for 10th percentile to 61% for the 90th percentile, depending on which obstetrician delivers the baby.
While employers may seek to provide access to high-quality care for their employees, in many cases today, neither employers nor individuals covered by employer-sponsored insurance reliably know which physicians are orange (low-performing) and which are green (high-performing) per Figure 1 and Figure 2.11 Making provider-level quality data trustworthy requires providers to participate in the process of measure development and iteration. The performance measures should be directly actionable with changes in provider behavior, such that if a provider improves on a measure, this improvement should clearly and directly create value for employers and the health plan members.12
Opportunities to Improve Quality and Health Outcomes in the Commercial Market
When it comes to improving quality for individuals and families with employer-sponsored insurance, employers have a critical role to play. One way in which employers can foster broader quality improvement is to create an information ecosystem that allows members and providers to access and act on provider quality information. This serves three distinct purposes: First, it helps better inform employees’ choices about the physicians they might choose for specific needs; second, it creates an environment where physicians receive feedback regarding where they are performing well and how they can improve; and third, it gives employers the basis to curate higher-quality networks and steer their employees to high-quality clinicians.
When employers provide their members transparent quality data on provider performance, they simplify the patient process of identifying and choosing high-quality doctors. Employers can integrate evidence-based provider quality into a member’s provider selection process in multiple ways, including through enhanced provider search guides. In contrast to the current methods that many members currently rely on to choose their providers (including word of mouth and non-vetted publicly sourced satisfaction scores), having access to provider quality data enables employees and their families to compare providers in a meaningful and comprehensive way.11
"In a sample of 809 cardiologists in Ohio, among the top 10% of providers, an average of 73% of their patients are taking these life-saving medications regularly. However, among the bottom 10% of providers, about half as many patients receive the benefits of statin adherence (39%)."
Accelerating a systemwide shift to high-quality care also requires the engagement and action of the provider community. Even though employers do not often interface directly with health care providers, employers can shift their health plans toward accountable care models, where physicians manage cost and quality across the spectrum of care delivered to their patient panels. Within these arrangements, provider quality data can be leveraged to both improve a provider’s own clinical practices and to facilitate high-quality specialty referrals.13
Finally, employers can promote high-quality care delivery through network design and steerage. Traditionally, large, self-insured employers rely on carriers to curate provider network. However, the carriers’ focus on quality of care in network design may be constrained by market consolidation and demand for broad networks. Employers can increase the likelihood that members receive care from high-quality providers by incorporating provider quality into network design or incentivizing members to choose the high-quality providers through low out-of-pocket payments. Employers can also deploy tools that leverage physician quality assessments to match or steer members to high-quality providers. By shifting member volume to high-quality providers, employers instill greater motivation for providers to shift toward evidence-based clinical decisions and improve their own quality.
Establishing Quality as a Central Goal for Employers
Leading employers understand that health care is an investment in the overall well-being of employees and their families. For many employers, this investment takes shape through wellness campaigns and targeted point solutions, while for others it is formalized into annual targets of engagement and clinical improvements. For example, the JPMorgan Chase Morgan Health team created a 5-year Impact Framework that outlines measurable objectives of improving quality, affordability, and equity. The outcome and process metrics displayed in Table 1 provide examples of how progress can be quantified and tracked over time and may be leveraged across employer-sponsored insurance more broadly.
Employers are establishing health care quality as a central goal in at least two ways: through transparency and through incorporating quality objectives into contracts. As purchasers, innovative employers are putting quality front and center in their health care benefits. Several large employers have launched initiatives to make it easier for their employees to identify and access quality providers who are showing the best outcomes and experiences for their patients. Two recent examples include Microsoft and Walmart.
Working with Embold Health, Microsoft deployed a digital provider search tool that helps members identify the highest-quality primary care and specialty providers that specifically meet the member’s unique medical needs. Early results suggest that Microsoft employees who used this digital tool were, on average, more likely to switch to a higher-quality provider and more likely to choose higher-quality providers for any new care needs.
"Making provider-level quality data trustworthy requires providers to participate in the process of measure development and iteration. The performance measures should be directly actionable with changes in provider behavior, such that if a provider improves on a measure, this improvement should clearly and directly create value for employers and the health plan members."
Walmart also partnered with Embold to create a provider guide for associates that identifies local doctors who consistently deliver high-quality care to their patients. Going a step further, Walmart’s medical plan covers a higher share of eligible costs when the associate chooses a preferred provider who has been shown to diagnose health conditions more accurately, recommend the right treatments, and whose patients report better outcomes. As with Microsoft, early results suggest that the combination of quality transparency and higher coverage reduced the rate that associates see underperforming providers and improved the overall quality of primary care and specialist providers that deliver care to Walmart associates and their families, based upon Embold’s assessment of provider quality. Beyond steering members to higher-performing providers, both Microsoft and Walmart engaged their delivery system partners to improve the quality of care delivered in local communities by sharing data and collaborating to drive improvement in key clinical areas.
Another powerful lever available to employers to improve quality is including performance measures in their health care contracts. Large employers are familiar with annual contractual processes but can easily overlook the opportunity for these contracts to drive accountable care, in which plans and providers to take meaningful accountability for quality outcomes. Establishing accountable care contracts requires a longer time horizon and system investments into data integration, consensus on measurement, methodologies, and reporting, and communication to drive member engagement. However, innovative employers are demonstrating that it also offers an opportunity to drive system change for quality improvement.
In 2022, JPMorgan Chase partnered with two health care providers — apree health and Kaiser Permanente — that prioritize quality of care through their accountable care models. JPMorgan Chase takes a multiyear approach to contractually incentivize quality measurement and improvement over time: (1) data collection on social demographics and baselining of clinical quality measures, (2) population-wide quality improvements, and (3) closing of quality disparities across races, disability status, language barriers, and other subgroups. Quality objectives have included reducing avoidable utilization and improving cardiovascular disease risks through preventive care. The resulting improvements to employees’ health will be measured on a yearly basis.
Other employers also have prioritized quality improvements for their members through risk-based accountable care contracts. General Motors launched ConnectedCare in partnership with the Henry Ford Health System to incentivize both controlling total cost of care and improving 19 health quality measures. The contract was designed so that Henry Ford Health System can obtain full payment if the quality measures are met, even if they do not fully meet the financial total cost of care goal.14,15 Unlike traditional benefits contracts that primarily prioritize cost management, this arrangement concretizes the employer’s focus on quality and achieved system efficiencies through integrated data flows and lowering barriers to access care.
In addition to individual employer efforts, many employers have started committing to quality improvements through organizations such as the Purchaser Business Group on Health. This nonprofit organization provides guidance, policy expertise, and has leveraged its multi-employer scale to establish regional centers of excellence to improve health outcomes. They also released an advanced primary care measure set focused on measuring high-performing primary care for commercially insured groups.16
Looking Ahead
Employers are currently in a unique position to improve the quality of care for the millions of Americans with employer-sponsored insurance and to set a new standard for the U.S. health care system. Despite the high cost of employer-sponsored insurance, covered members continue to receive variable care that may fail to meet quality standards. By leveraging provider-level quality data in their operations and making these data accessible to their members, employers have a timely opportunity to take a leading role in creating a health system that consistently delivers high-quality care for employees and their families.
NOTES
Dawn Alley, Katherine Bobroske, and Dan Mendelson were all employed by Morgan Health, JPMorgan Chase & Co. at the time of writing; JPMorgan Chase & Co is an investor in Embold Health. Matthew Resnick is employed by Embold Health and reports two pending patents (P14431.1 and P14432.1) through Embold Health.
For media inquiries: marketing@emboldhealth.com
For additional information: sales@emboldhealth.com
REFERENCES
1. Keisler-Starkey K, Bunch LN. Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2021. Report Number P60-278. United States Census Bureau. September 13, 2022. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-278.html.
Go to Citation | Google Scholar
2. U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA). Historical. 2021. Accessed March 9, 2022. https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NationalHealthAccountsHistorical.
Go to Citation | Google Scholar
3. Claxton G, Rae M, Young G, et al. Employer Health Benefits: 2022 Annual Survey. Kaiser Family Foundation. October 27, 2022. https://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-2022-Annual-Survey.pdf.
Go to Citation | Google Scholar
4. NORC at the University of Chicago. Disparities in Employer-Sponsored Insurance. July 2022. https://www.jpmorganchase.com/content/dam/jpmc/jpmorgan-chase-and-co/who-we-are/our-business/documents/jpmc-morgan-health-norc-report-ada.pdf.
5. Mendola ND, Chen T-C, Gu Q, Eberhardt MS, Saydah S. Prevalence of Total, Diagnosed, and Undiagnosed Diabetes Among Adults: United States, 2013–2016. NCHS Data Brief, No. 319. September 2018. Accessed July 30, 2023. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db319.htm.
Go to Citation | Google Scholar
6. What Is Breast Cancer Screening? Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page Last Reviewed September 26, 2022. Accessed July 25, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/screening.htm.
Go to Citation | Google Scholar
7. Song Z, Kannan S, Gambrel RJ, et al. Physician practice pattern variations in common clinical scenarios within 5 US metropolitan areas. JAMA Health Forum 2022;3:e214698 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2788513.
Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar
8. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al., and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:25 Pt B:2889-2934 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713060282?via%3Dihub.
Go to Citation | Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar
9. Rodriguez F, Maron DJ, Knowles JW, Virani SS, Lin S, and Heidenreich PA. Association of statin adherence with mortality in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:206-213 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2724695.
Go to Citation | Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar
10. Caughey AB, Cahill AG, Guise JM, Rouse DJ, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (College), and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;210:179-193 https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/obstetric-care-consensus/articles/2014/03/safe-prevention-of-the-primary-cesarean-delivery.
Go to Citation | Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar
11. Finding Quality Doctors: How Americans Evaluate Provider Quality in the United States. Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. 2014-2023. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://apnorc.org/projects/finding-quality-doctors-how-americans-evaluate-provider-quality-in-the-united-states/.
12. Cliff BQ, Avanceña ALV, Hirth RA, and Lee SD. The impact of Choosing Wisely interventions on low-value medical services: a systematic review. Milbank Q 2021;99:1024-1058 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.12531.
Go to Citation | Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar
13. Milad MA, Murray RC, Navathe AS, and Ryan AM. Value-based payment models in the commercial insurance sector: a systematic review. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022;41:540-548 https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01020.
Go to Citation | Crossref | PubMed | Google Scholar
14. Robeznieks A. Henry Ford Health System Drives GM Employees to Better Health. American Medical Association. March 16, 2021. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/payment-delivery-models/henry-ford-health-system-drives-gm-employees-better.
Go to Citation | Google Scholar
15. Siwicki B. Henry Ford Health System Gets ROI from Employer-Based Telemedicine Clinic. Healthcare IT News. May 10, 2022. Accessed July 26, 2023. https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/henry-ford-health-system-gets-roi-employer-based-telemedicine-clinic.
Go to Citation | Google Scholar
16. Lansky D, Brodie R. Meeting Employers’ Expectations for Equitable Outcomes: Leveraging the Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. NEJM Catalyst. August 9, 2022. Accessed February 7, 2023. https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.22.0061.
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE
Measure what matters
This technical whitepaper outlines how the Embold methodology measures quality at the physician level.
Higher quality and affordable care
This ebook highlights how employers can leverage the power of provider-level quality data.
Save on healthcare spending
This overview explores how we use data to bridge the gap between members and high-quality healthcare.
